Fortunately, recent policy changes are reversing heavy financial penalties imposed earlier on high‐fertility states. Half the people in India live in states with policies that penalize, to varying degrees, families with more than two children to discourage large families. In India, political representation is apportioned in a way that punishes states with high birth rates. Coercion continues to define an unknown share of the country’s 9 million annual abortions. After softening its one‐child policy to a two‐child policy, China continues to brutally enforce family size limits and to require birth permits from prospective parents and parents seeking to expand their families. In a similar vein, India’s Emergency saw 11 million sterilizations, many of them forced.Ĭhina and, to a far lesser extent, India still have troubling policies. The one‐child policy saw over 300 million Chinese women fitted with intrauterine devices modified to be irremovable without surgery, over 100 million sterilizations, and over 300 million abortions. Those abuses peaked in the form of China’s one‐child policy (1979–2015) and India’s forced sterilizations during its “Emergency” (1975–77), a period in India when civil liberties were suspended and the prime minister ruled by decree. Neo‐Malthusian ideas spread among senior technocrats and government leaders in some developing countries, resulting in human rights abuses that Western development professionals encouraged and that Western aid often funded. In the 1960s and 1970s, neo‐Malthusian panic about overpopulation overtook eugenics as the primary motivation behind coercive policies aimed at limiting childbearing.
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